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REFERENCE CITATIONS IN TEXT:
Example: In a recent study (Smith, 1983), it was said… (or) Smith (1983) said that…
If a work has two authors, always cite both (Smith & Jones, 1994).
If there are three to five authors, list all their names the first time, subsequently use "et al." (Williams et al., 1992). If the work has six or more authors, list only the first author and "et al." (Koenig, 1996). Groups as authors (corporations, associations, government organizations) should be spelled out each time they are cited (National Institute of Mental Health, 1999). For works with no author, use the first few words of the title ("Study Finds," 1989). If citing multiple works, separate them by semicolons (Balda, 1980; Kamil, 1988; Funk, 1990). If you are citing a quotation, always give page numbers (Cheek & Buss, 1981, p. 332). For exceptions and more examples, see pages 207-214 of the manual (call number below).
REFERENCES
The References page comes at the end of the paper, starts on a new page, and lists only those sources referred to in the text of the paper. In contrast, a Bibliography lists background sources and sources for further reading. The list is alphabetical by author's last name. Examples of types of citations follow:
(Journal Articles)
Saywitz, K.J., Mannarino, A.P., & Cohen, J.A. (2000). Treatment for
sexually abused children and adolescents. American Psychologist,
55, 1040-1049.
(Magazine Articles)
Kandel, E.R., & Squire, L.R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking
down scientific barriers. Science, 290, 113-1120.
(Newspaper Articles)
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social
status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
(Books)
Beck, C.A.J., & Sales, B.D. (Eds.). (2001). Family mediation: Facts,
myths, and future prospects (Rev. ed.). Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
(Books, No Author or Editor)
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield,
MA: Merriam-Webster.
(Multivolume Works)
Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and
musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan.
(Articles in Books)
Massaro, D. (1992). Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical model of
perception. In H.L. Pick Jr., P. van den Broek, & D.C. Knill (Eds.),
Cognition: Conceptual and methodological issues (pp. 41-84).
Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
(Entry in Encyclopedias)
Bergmann, P.G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopaedia
Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia
Britannica.
(Internet)
Greater New Milford (Ct) Area Healthy Community 2000. Task Force on Teen
and Adolescent Issues. (n.d.). Who has time for a family meal?
You do! Retrieved October 5, 2000, from
http://www.familymealtime.org.
(Internet, no author)
GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/user_surveys/survey-1997-10/
(Periodical article from an online database)
Eid, M., & Langeheine, R. (1999). The measurement of consistency and
occasion specificity. Psychological Methods, 4, 100-116.
Retrieved November 19, 2000, from the PsychARTICLES database.
CHECKLIST (most common mistakes)
- Everything should be double-spaced, including the citations.
- The citations should be hanging paragraphs (everything after the first line indented).
- Personal communications (letters, memos, emails, chat room messages, interviews, telephone conversations) should be referred to in the text but NOT listed in the Reference List because they are not recoverable data.
- Always use Arabic numerals, unless a roman numeral is part of a title.
- In the Reference List, arrange entries in alphabetical order by surname of the first author.
- Differentiate between journal and magazine articles. For journal articles, give just the year; for magazine articles, give year, month, and day if applicable.
- Notice that pp (pages) is used only for newspaper articles which may not otherwise be recognized as page numbers.
- If the information if retrieved from an aggregated database, providing the name of the database is sufficient; no address (URL) is needed.
Elements of the APA Citation:
AUTHOR. Authors' names should be inverted, last name first, no matter how many authors are listed. Use "&" before the last author listed.
DATE. Place only the year of publication in parentheses if a journal; if a magazine, newspaper, or other type of serial, include month and day after the year and a comma.
TITLE. Titles [of articles and book chapters, but not journal titles] should have only the first word capitalized-and the first word of the subtitle.
PUBLICATION INFORMATION. If pagination is discontinuous, list the page, e.g., pp. 1, 25-6. (Not used for Internet citations).
DATE RETRIEVED. For Internet citations, list the date you accessed the website.
URL. Be sure to list the full web address, including the beginning http://. The slightest error can make the address unusable, so be sure every letter and symbol is exactly correct, with no spaces.
*Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th ed. Call number is BF 76.7 .P83.
A.Bolton-Brownlee & C.Glass, 10/2006
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