Web Links

Bonding Chem Web Online introduces bonding. Topics include Lewis Dot notation (electron-dot structures), ionic bonds, covalent bonds and polar covalent bonds.

Compounds Chemtutor presents compounds. Topics include ionic and covalent bonds, atoms with multiple valences (two positive ions), polyatomic ions, writing ionic compound formulas, binary covalent compounds, the continuum between ionic and covalent bonds and Lewis structures (electron-dot structures).

Distinguish between an atom and a molecule A clickable map is used to distinguish among an atom, a molecule, the periodic table, an element, matter, an ion, an isotope, atomic number, atomic weight and more.

Atomic Structure and Bonding CHEMystery examines the nature of chemical bonding. Topics include ionic compounds, Lewis symbols (electron-dot structures), covalent compounds, electronegativity and polarity of bonds, and drawing Lewis structures.

Bonding Many topics of bonding are included, including ionic bonds (“The name is Bond—Ionic Bond.”), which elements tend to form ionic bonds, the development of the electronegativity scale by Pauling, how electronegativity is involved in determining bond type, history of the development of the covalent bond concept, Gilbert Newton Lewis and the covalent bond and Lewis dot diagrams—compounds that obey it and some that do not (electron-dot structures).

Chemical Bonding Some general thoughts on chemical bonding are presented, along with links to information on the ionic bond, “co-valent” bonding and the “co-ordinate co-valent” bond.

Chemical Bonding This is a discussion of the types of chemical bonds and the properties of atoms that determine the type of bond formed, the chemical stability of atoms and electron-dot diagrams (electron-dot structures).

Lewis Symbols CHEMystery presents Lewis symbols (electron-dot structures), a way of keeping track of valence electrons.

Drawing Lewis Structures CHEMystery presents a six-step procedure for drawing Lewis structures (electron-dot structures).

Ionic Compounds and the Octet Rule CHEMystery describes the octet rule and exceptions to it.

Bonding: Octet Rule The Octet Rule is hardly a rule. Some elements regularly follow it. Others generally don’t. Also, certain types of compounds generally violate the Octet Rule.

Exceptions to the Octet Rule Three ways in which the Octet Rule fails are identified and illustrated.

Which Elements Form Ionic Bonds? Several examples illustrate the transfer of electrons between atoms to form ionic bonds. Then the periodic table is used to locate the elements that combine with each other to form ionic bonds.

Covalent Compounds CHEMystery describes the formation of covalent bonds. Included are the hydrogen molecule, covalent bonds and the octet rule, double and triple bonds and coordinate covalent bonds.

Molecular Compounds Molecular compounds are described and the rules for naming them are introduced.

Inorganic Nomenclature Chemical nomenclature is the systematic naming of chemical compounds. This site presents instructions for naming binary compounds.

Naming Compounds ThinkQuest introduces rules for naming various types of compounds—binary ionic compounds (type I and type II), compounds that contain polyatomic ions and binary covalent compounds.

Chemical Nomenclature Handbook Dr. Bremer presents principles for naming and writing formulas for several types of compounds. Examples are included.

Nomenclature Learning how to name compounds and write chemical formulas from names can be enhanced by the availability of certain tools. This site includes a list of the names, symbols and charges of commonly-used elements and polyatomic ions. It also has a flowchart showing the steps involved in writing the name of a compound from its formula. Then it has detailed instructions on writing names and formulas for various types of compounds with numerous exercises. Finally, it has 8 worksheets with 50 problems each.

Writing Formulas and Naming Compounds Detailed instructions with worked-out examples make this a good site to learn the naming of inorganic compounds, writing formulas of inorganic compounds, and the naming of salts.

Electronegativity and Polarity of Bonds CHEMystery considers the effect of the electronegativities of two atoms on the distribution of the electrons that bond them together.

Bond and Molecular Polarity This site uses animated graphics to illustrate the movement of electrons in the formation of ionic and covalent bonds and within the covalent bonds that form, both non-polar and polar covalent bonds.

Intermolecular Forces Once you get past the very informative, but possibly intimidating, facts at the beginning of this article, you’ll find a most attractive presentation on intermolecular forces, especially those found in covalent compounds. Animated graphics are used to illustrate the causes of London forces, dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonding.

Polyatomic Ions Play with the polyatomic ions. This site presents flashcards of the polyatomic ions (you can test yourself), a matching game and a concentration game. How quickly can you get them all?

Problems These problems deal with bonding, molecular structure and intermolecular forces. Some are not relevant to this chapter, but the solutions are generally quite good.