San Antonio College English Department | Orality/Literacy Home Page | Chart | Elements | HomeReality Check - Orality and LiteracyChapter 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | Matching TermsIntroduction (1-3)1. _____ A group of people who have no knowledge at all of writing. 2. _____ A “culture deeply affected by the use of writing” because a significant number of its people write systematically and read actively on a more or less regular basis. 3. Why does Ong focus first on “thought and its verbal expression in oral culture?” 4. What is the book’s second focus? 5. _____ Occurring or existing at the same time or having the same period or phase 6. _____ Writing 7. _____ Related to focusing on change over time, dealing with phenomena (for example, the spelling of words or the rules of grammar) as these change over a period of time; roughly equivalent to historical or temporal. 9. Identify the bias that “readers of books such as this” bring to the Ong book. 10. _____ A group of people whose orality is encouraged by the use of telephones, radio, and television, which depend on writing and print for existence. Chapter 1: The Orality of Language (5 – 30)11. _____ The father of modern linguistics 12. In what field did “the greatest awakening to the contrast between oral modes of thought and expression and written modes” take place? 13. Of “all the … thousands of languages … spoken in the course of human history,” about how many have developed a writing system sufficiently to produce literature? 14. Most languages “spoken in the course of human history” have been written down. [ ] True [ ] False 15. How much does the “commitment of the word to space” enlarge the potential of language? 16. ____ A transdialectal language formed by deep commitment to writing. State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the differences in
21. Despite a “high-technology ambiance,” what do many cultures still do? Chapter 2: The Modern Discovery of Primary Oral Cultures (16-30)22. _____ Sketch; describe roughly or briefly or give the main points or summary of. 23. _____ Someone who puts text into appropriate form for publication; editor or compilerState the oral/literate opposites indicated by the differences in
27. _____ More or less exactly repeated set phrases or set expressions (such as proverbs in verse or prose which are more crucial and pervasive in an oral culture than in a writing, print, or electronic one. 28. _____ A culture possessing movable type 29. _____ Noetic 30. Why did the Homeric world value clichés? 31. When was the Greek alphabet finalized enough to make a difference? 32. When knowledge could be stored in the written text instead of in “mnemonic formulas,” what was the mind free to do? 33. When “modern cultures that have known writing for centuries” still “rely heavily on formulaic thought and expression,” it is because: Consequent and Related Work 35._____ The additional accumulation of clauses or phrases without the use of coordinating or subordinating conjunctions, as It was cold; the snows came. Chapter 3: Some Psychodynamics of Orality (31-43)36. In a primary oral culture, to people who exist “without writing, words as such” are not objects to be seen, but rather: 37. “Malinowski . . . has made the point that among . . . peoples, generally,” language is not “simply a countersign of thought,” but rather: State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the difference in
You Know What You Can Recall: Mnemonics and Formulas 41. How does a person in an oral culture think something through? State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the difference in
43. In an oral culture, what is the relationship between formulas and thought? 44. In an oral culture, what is the relationship between formulas and the law? 45. The problem with organizing thought intellectually through ”Heavy patterning and communal fixed formulas in oral cultures” is that it limits the kind of what? Further Characteristics of Orally Based Thought and Expression 47. List the three categories of thought Ong lists that take their understanding from “orally based thought.” Additive Rather than Subordinative 49. What words often connect ideas in the analytic, reasoned subordination that “characterizes writing”? State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the difference in
Aggregative rather than analytic _____ 53. Words used to characterize a person or thing, such as rosy-fingered in rosy-fingered dawn or the Great in Catherine the Great; terms used as a descriptive substitute for the name or title of a person, such as The Great Emancipator for Abraham Lincoln. 54. The clichés of political denunciation indicate that societies will most probably always have what? 55. State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the difference in the relationship of riddles to the adjectives (39). 56. State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the difference in the purpose for riddles (39). 57. Explain why analysis is a high risk procedure in an oral culture. What is at risk? What segment of the population therefore, increases in value to the group? Redundant or ‘copious’ _____ 58. Large in quantity; abundant 59. State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the difference in the amount of repetition (39-41). Conservative or traditionalist (41) 61. State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the difference in each culture's attitude toward certain demographics. 62. State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the difference in each culture's attitude toward “new speculation” (41-2) 63. The “residual orality of a . . . chirographic culture” depends on what? 64. When “formulas and themes” change, what types of changes are they? 65. What causes “the ‘intellectuals’ in oral society . . . to invent new shrines” and the “new conceptual universes” that go with them? _____ _____ 66. A system of budgeting and allocating the resources available for thought 67. If there is hostile resistance to new ideas, how do the leaders present the new conceptual universes so that they are acceptable? Close to the Human Lifeworld 69. State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the difference in how information is conceptualized and verbalized in relationship to human activity (42-43). _____ 70. A group of people who possess printing. Agonistically toned 71. _____ Striving to overcome in argument; competitive; combative. 72. "Writing . . . [disengages] knowledge" from what? 73. Within which context does "orality situate knowledge"? 74. How do people in the agonistically toned oral culture sometimes use proverbs and riddles? 75. Among opposing modern athletic teams, this "bragging about one's own prowess and/or verbal tongue-lashing of an opponent" is called what? 76. What becomes, not a real fight, but an "art form" in an oral culture? 77. What often "marks oral narrative"? 78. What else "goes with the highly polarized, agonistic, oral world of good and evil, virtue and vice, villains and heroes"? 79. State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the difference in the tone of life (43-5). Empathetic and Participatory Rather than Objectively Distanced 81. "Writing . . . sets up conditions for" what? 82. A narrator often does what when telling the story? 83. State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the difference in relationship of the individual to known information (45-6) Homeostatic 84. _____ The widespread disposition of human beings to maintain a state of equilibrium in the face of changing social conditions, even if it means adjusting what they know to be true. 85. "Oral societies live very much in a present which keeps itself in equilibrium . . . by: 86. In an oral society, the meaning of each word is controlled by: 87. To what is the integrity of the past subordinate? 88. Oral traditions, perhaps, may not be kept up because of "idle curiosity about the past," but rather, 89. What light does this section shed on the modern practice of revising history? 90. State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the difference in the fixedness of the truth regarding the meanings of words, regarding genealogies and regarding past events; the durability of memories that have no present relevance (46-9). Situational Rather than Abstract 92. How do oral folk assess intelligence? 93. State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the difference in the degree to which concepts are expressed in abstract terms (49-57). Oral Memorization 95. In an oral culture, originality consists of what? 96. How does Goody account for the inability of a singer to repeat a song verbatim? 97. What kind of permanence does ritual language have? 98. "Oral memorization is subject to: 99. "Oral memory differs from textual memory in that: 100. _____ Of, relating to, or affecting the whole physical body, not just a body part, the mind, or the environment. 101. "Spoken words are always modifications of: Verbomotor lifestyle 102. _____ _____ The culture of a group of people among whom courses of action and attitudes toward issues depend significantly more on effective use of sounded words, and thus on human interaction, and significantly less on non-verbal, often largely visual input from the 'objective' world of things. 103. State the oral/literate opposites indicated by this difference: on what courses of action and attitudes toward issues depend (67). 104. How is a request for information commonly interpreted in an oral culture? 105. State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the difference in how requests for information are interpreted (68). 106. State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the difference in the effect of oral communication as opposed to the effect of reading and writing on a person's relationship to the group (68). The Noetic Role of the Heroic 'Heavy' Figures and of the Bizarre 108. State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the difference in the types of characters (69). 109. The oral/literate perspective may explain the change in the character of the hero by saying what? The Interiority of Sound 111. Which social situation may be the one exception to Ong's observation that "sight isolates"? Orality, Community, and the Sacral 112. _____ Related to the ultimate concerns of existence. 113. Give one example of how a "textually supported religious tradition can continue to authenticate the primacy of the oral." Words Are not Signs 114. _____ _____ Coded symbols whereby a properly informed human being can evoke in his or her consciousness real words in actual or imagined sound 115. _____ Inevitably 116. The truest, least distorted, fullest understanding of the "logic of writing" emerges from also investigating what? Chapter 4: Writing Restructures Consciousness (77-114)The New World of Autonomous Discourse 118. In what sense is written language "context-free" and discourse "autonomous"? 119. _____ Prophetic Plato, Writing, and Computers 121. To what extent is Ong's concept that, "intelligence is relentlessly reflexive," similar to what happens in the Terminator films? 122. How, when and by whom can a dead, written text be resurrected? Writing is a Technology What is "Writing" or "Script"? 125. _____ Not simple semiotic marking, but rather a coded system of visible marks whereby a writer can determine the exact words that the reader will generate from a text. Many Scripts but Only One Alphabet 127. _____ A type of pictograph in which a character or symbol represents an idea or a thing without expressing the pronunciation of a particular word or words for it, as in the traffic sign commonly used for “no parking” or “parking prohibited.” 128. _____ A phonogram representing of words or syllables by pictures of objects or by symbols whose names resemble the intended words or syllables in sound; also: a riddle made up of such pictures or symbols as in this example:
129. _____ Sound symbol 130. According to Havelock, what did adding vowels do for "ancient Greek culture"? 131. What does Kerchove suggest? The Onset of Literacy 133. _____ A manuscript, typically of papyrus or parchment, that has been written on more than once, with the earlier writing incompletely erased and often legible From Memory to Written Records 135. State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the difference in the places in which the past recipient of customs dues could be recorded (95). 136. State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the differences in the degree to which people observe time markers (96). 137. State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the differences in the objectivity of remembered truth (97). 138. State the oral/literate opposites indicated by the differences in how the people experience the terrain of the past (97). Some Dynamics of Textuality 140. ____ Concerned with the self or the theory that the self is the only reality; solitary Distance, Precision, Grapholects and Magnavocabularies Interactions: Rhetoric and the Places 143. _____ The human effort to induce cooperation through the use of spoken and written language 144. ____ _____ Directions of lines of thought along which to develop an argument, some analytic, some formulaic commonplaces Interactions: Learned Languages Tenaciousness of Orality 147. How fast and how conscious was rhetoric's turn from being concerned with oral speeches to focusing on effective writing? Chapter 5: Print, Space and Closure (115-135)Hearing-dominance Yields to Sight-Dominance Space and Meaning > Indexes > Books, contents, and labels > Meaningful surface Typographic Space More Diffuse Effects 152. "Print was also a major factor in the development of" what? 153. Explain why the "new sense of the private ownership of words" that print provides has no meaning in a primary oral culture. Print and Closure: Intertextuality Post-typography: Electronics Ch. 6 Oral Memory, the Story Line, and Characterization (136-152)The Primacy of the Story Line Narrative and Oral Cultures > Oral Memory and the Story Line 158. Whitman says that the episodes in The Iliad are arranged how? 159. _____ The Latin phrase meaning ‘into the middle of things,’ applied to the common technique of storytelling by which the narrator begins the story at some exciting point in the middle of the action, thereby gaining the reader's interest before explaining preceding events by flashbacks at some later stage Closure of Plot: Travelogue to Detective Story > The Round Character, Writing and Print 161. The "technologies of the word do not merely store what we know. They ___________ what we know." Ch. 7 Some Theorems (153-176)Literary History > New Criticism and Formalism > Structuralism > Textualism and Deconstructionists > Speech Act and Reader-response Theory Social Sciences, Philosophy, Biblical Studies Orality, Writing and Being Human "Media" versus Human Communication The Inward Turn: Consciousness in the Text 166. State Ong's main argument in one to three sentences. 167. How can one keep from using the oral/literate opposites from becoming a stereotype from which to view people? Matching Terms - Match these terms with the definitions in the blanks above.
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