Resources available online on the Mongols vary in quality, topic selection, and reader suitability (from K-12 to graduate level). The Online Resources section is intended to provide an annotated list of Web materials. In addition to the introductory general listing all links are grouped according to tutorial topics.

General Resources & Exhibitions

• See Library of Congress, Country Studies/Area Handbook Program, June 1989 go to BROWSE and scroll down to click on Mongolia. Scroll down to Chapter 1, Historical Setting and see the sections 1206-1368 for a good introduction to the region and its people.

• Visit the History of Civilizations of Central Asia Web site sponsored by UNESCO to make better known the civilizations of the peoples living in the regions of Central Asia through studies of their archaeology, history, languages and literature. See Mongol art: architecture and painting and Sculptures of the Türks of Kazakhstan and Mongolia. Note the comparison to William of Rubruck's observations.

• Browse the excellent online history tutorials created by The Department of History at The University of Calgary for materials related to the Mongols and their empire. Index for all Calgary sites - note homepages See: The Islamic World to 1600, The European Voyages of Exploration, and at Old World Contacts. See, ** See Index of articles at - Old World among other pages, Third Era: 1000 - 1350 CE The Era of Military Empires.

• Visit the Modern Mongolia: Reclaiming Genghis Khan online exhibit at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology in Philadelphia. The exhibit examines Genghis Khan's legacy through the eyes of his modern Mongolian descendents. Created by collaboration with the National Museum of Mongolian History, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, the exhibition "invites the visitor to experience Mongolian life from the beginning of the 20th century to today-and discover Genghis Khan's lasting legacy to his people."

The Mongol Empire

• National Geographic featured the Mongols in "Genghis Khan," December, 1996 (includes an illustrated map available in print only) and Sons of Genghis: The Great Khans, February, 1997. See the National Geographic companion Web site . The site includes a good map of the empire in 1227, a timeline with linked details, and interviews with writer Mike Edwards and photographer Jim Stanfield.

• Mongolia: Archaeologists Say They May Have Found Genghis Khan Burial Site By Bruce Pannier - article from Radio Free Europe, University of Chicago "American-Mongolian team finds tombs near birthplace of Genghis Khan."

• Genghis Khan: Treasures of Inner Mongolia ~ The Provincial Museum of Alberta,

• Welcome to The Realm of The Mongols! Written and maintained by Per Inge Oestmoen, Norway.

• The Mongol Khans is a Website by Kelley L. Ross, at Los Angeles Valley College, Van Nuys, California. The site includes timelines and maps.

• Genghis Khan: Armies

• Genghis Khan

• Women of the Mongol Court - These edited notes were taken from a lecture by Morris Rossabi, presented as part of the lecture series in conjunction with Mongolia: The Legacy of Chinggis Khan, an exhibition at the Denver Art Museum.

• On women see also, Sorghaghtani Beki: Mother of Great Khans at Women In World History Curriculum.

Successor States

• The Mongolian Empire: The Yuan, at Washington State University World Civilizations

• Kublai Khan: Mongol Armies

• Khubilai Khan: The Last Great Ruler?

• Divine Wind: Myth and Legend

• Yuan Art at the National Palace Museum Taipei: Ta Yuan sheng-cheng kuo-ch'ao tien-chang (Dynastic Regulations for Sagacious Rule of the Great Yuan) Anonymous, Yuan dynasty (1279-1368) Yuan Imprint
  • Autumn Colors on the Ch'iao and Hua Mountains Chao Meng-fu (1254-1322) Yuan Dynasty,
  • Wu Chen (1280-1354), Yuan

• For the Timurid period see Central Asia After the Mongol Invasion-Islam and Sedentary Life as a Consequence.

Travelers and their narratives

• See National Geographic: The Adventures of Marco Polo, Part I: Marco Polo in China, Part II: Marco Polo, Part III: Journey Home.

• See also brief summary of the lecture Marco Polo and other Early Travelers to China by Morris Rossabi (Columbia University), at Humanities West ~ "The thirteenth-century Mongol empire linked Europe to East Asia, ushering in an era of frequent and extended contacts between East and West. The Mongols expedited and encouraged trade and travel in the sizable section of Asia....."

• Nick Bartel, a teacher at Horace Mann Middle School in San Francisco, California, has created with the support of an extensive Website The Travels of Ibn Battuta - A Virtual Tour with the 14th Century Traveler. See Ibn Battuta's Trip: Part Six - The Steppe - Land of the Golden Horde, 1332 - 1333 and Return to the Steppes.

• Paul Halsall, editor of the Internet History Sourcebook Project, includes Medieval Traveler's accounts of their journeys and the lands they visit. Medieval Sourcebook: Marco Polo: On the Tartars.

• Medieval Sourcebook: Marco Polo: The Glories Of Kinsay [Hangchow] (c. 1300)

• John of Monte Corvino: Report on China, 1305.

• Medieval Sourcebook: Ibn Batuta (1307-1377 CE), Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354, contains excerpts from his travels. See Travels 1, and Travels 2.

• See also essay by Paul Smethurst, University of Hong Kong, "Mapping the Other: Discursive Strategies in Mandeville's and Polo's Representations of the East."

• To aid thinking about travelers see the course syllabus for "Travel Writing," Department of English, The University of Hong Kong.

• The Department of History at The University of Calgary has created a valuable series of online history tutorials with materials relating to the Mongol Emprie. See The Travels of Ibn Battuta.

• And see James F. Lewis "Christianity and Religions in the History of the Church." Scroll down to section III, paragraph four, for an account of William of Rubruck's encounter and religious debate at the courts of the Great Khan.

• "Christian Europe and Mongol Asia: First Medieval Intercultural Contact Between East and West," Gregory Guzman's essay in Medieval Studies, Volume 2, 1985. Guzman examines the role the papacy played the central role in this early contact between Christian Europe and Mongol Asia.